Abstract: The 2025 European Society for Medical Oncology (ESMO) Annual Meeting was convened in Berlin, Germany on October 17, 2025. Significant advancements were report in the field of renal cell carcinoma (RCC), covering several aspects such as postoperative adjuvant therapy, neoadjuvant therapy, the optimization of first⁃line regimens for advanced disease, treatment options following drug resistance, and the exploration of biomarkers. These studies not only demonstrated the deepening  application of immune⁃targeted combination therapies in RCC， but also highlighted the trend toward personalized treatment based on risk stratification and molecular biomarkers. They provided new evidence for the development of  precise clinical strategies and indicated the future research directions focused on biomarkers, novel combination therapies, and multidisciplinary integration. This review systematically summarized the key studies presented at the meeting, aiming to provide clinicians with the latest academic developments and explore future treatment directions and clinical translation prospects for RCC.

Key words:  Renal cell carcinoma, European Society for Medical Oncology, Clinical treatment advances