Aptamers are single⁃stranded DNA or RNA molecules obtained through the systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment （SELEX）, exhibit high specificity in recognizing and binding to target molecules, including metal ions, small molecules, proteins, and cells. Aptamers offer several advantages, such as low molecular weight, a broad target range, ease of synthesis, low immunogenicity, and high stability, thereby demonstrating significant potential in cancer research. Currently, aptamers are widely used in biosensing technologies, including electrochemical, colorimetric, fluorescent, and chemiluminescent sensors, facilitating the highly specific detection of tumor biomarkers and enhancing the sensitivity of  diagnostic tools for cancer detection. Furthermore, aptamers present novel strategies for cancer therapy through mechanisms such as targeted drug delivery and immune checkpoint blockade. This article provides a systematic review of the fundamental characteristics of aptamers and their advancements in biosensing technology and cancer therapy applications.

Objective To investigate the effects and underlying mechanisms of Ru nanoparticles⁃carbon support (Ru⁃NPs/C) in mediated chemodynamic therapy (CDT) and photothermal therapy (PTT) on the proliferation and migration of breast cancer cells. Methods The Ru⁃NPs/C were synthesized via a template⁃sacrificed assisted pyrolysis method, and their structural and catalytic properties were characterized by X⁃ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X⁃ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), ultraviolet⁃visible spectrophotometry, and infrared thermography. The effects of Ru⁃NPs/C, both independently and in conjunction with near⁃infrared (NIR) radiation, on the proliferation and migration of 4T1 cells were assessed using the MTT assay and scratch test. The biocompatibility was evaluated via a hemolysis assay, and intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) level was measured using the 2',7'⁃DCFH⁃DA fluorescent probe. Results Ru⁃NPs/C was successfully synthesized with Ru nanoparticles were highly dispersed on the carbon support. XPS analysis further revealed the co⁃existence of Ru in mixed valence states (Ru⁰ and Ru³⁺). Ru⁃NPs/C simultaneously mimicked robust peroxidase (POD)⁃like, catalase (CAT)⁃like, and glutathione oxidase (GSH⁃OXD)⁃like catalytic activities while exhibiting significant photothermal responsiveness. Compared to control and individual treatment groups, the combination of Ru⁃NPs/C with NIR group markedly increased ROS levels and inhibited the proliferation and migration of 4T1 cells (all P<0.01). Meanwhile, Ru⁃NPs/C demonstrated negligible cytotoxicity to normal cells MCF⁃10A, with a hemolysis rate below 5% even at 150 µg/mL, exhibiting excellent hemocompatibility. Conclusions Ru⁃NPs/C possess efficient multi⁃enzyme catalytic properties. Under NIR stimulation, effectively generate ROS to inhibit the proliferation and migration of breast cancer cells, demonstrating excellent potential for synergistic therapy.

Objective To investigate the clinical feasibility and safety of a domestically produced single⁃port robotic⁃assisted laparoscopic radical cystectomy with orthotopic ileal neobladder. Methods A retrospective analysis was conducted on the clinical data of three patients who underwent this procedure  at Sun Yat⁃sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat⁃sen University, between June and July 2025. The cohort comprised one female and two male individuals. Relevant literature was reviewed concurrently. Results All three patients successfully completed the surgery without conversion to open surgery or alternative surgical approaches. The average total operative time was 351 minutes, with a range of 327 to 395 minutes,  and the average intraoperative blood loss was 83 mL, ranging from 20 to 200 mL. None of the patients experienced severe complications such as intestinal fistula, urinary leakage, blood transfusion, or intraoperative major hemorrhage, and all were discharged within 14 days postoperatively. Postoperative pathology confirmed negative lymph nodes and negative margins in the urethra and bilateral ureters. Conclusions The perioperative safety of domestically manufactured single⁃port robotic⁃assisted laparoscopic radical cystectomy with orthotopic ileal neobladder is controllable, demonstrating its clinical feasibility.

Objective To analyze the trends in lung cancer incidence and mortality in Guangxi from 2011 to 2020, and provide evidence⁃based recommendations for development of strategies and measures for lung cancer prevention and control. Methods Utilizing lung cancer registration data from Guangxi cancer registry areas spanning 2011 to 2020, the crude incidence and mortality rates, as well as the age⁃standardized incidence rate by Chinese population (ASIRC), and age⁃standardized mortality rate by Chinese population (ASMRC) , were calculated. The Joinpoint regression model was used to analyze the temporal trends in lung cancer incidence and mortality, facilitating the calculation of  the annual percentage change (APC). Results In 2020, Guangxi recorded 16,035 new cases and 13,298 deaths of lung cancer. The crude incidence and ASIRC were 41.11/10⁵ and 30.02/10⁵, respectively, while the crude mortality and ASMRC were 34.10/105 and 24.32/10⁵, respectively. Among men, both the ASIRC (41.60/10⁵ vs 18.93/105) and the ASMRC (36.00/105 vs 13.22/10⁵) were higher than those among women, and both increased with age. From 2011 to 2020, there was a significant downward trend in the ASIRC and ASMRC of lung cancer in Guangxi, with average annual decreases of 3.45% (APC=-3.45%, 95%CI: -4.54% to -2.35%) and 3.10% (APC=-3.10%, 95%CI: -4.92% to -1.24%) , respectively. The trends of ASIRC and ASMRC across different gender and age groups were consistent with the overall trend. Conclusions Although here has been a decline in the incidence and mortality rates of lung cancer in Guangxi from 2011 to 2020, the disease burden remains substantial. It is imperative to enhance public awareness regarding cancer prevention and to implement comprehensive intervention strategies to reduce the burden of lung cancer.

This article presents a rare case of typeⅡcryoglobulinemia secondary to mucosa⁃associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma. The patient exhibited recurrent pharyngeal masses， skin purpura， and edema. The diagnosis of MALT lymphoma， involving the nasopharynx， oropharynx and bone marrow， was confirmed through a biopsy of the nasopharyngeal mass， supplemented by histopathological and immunohistochemical analysises. TypeⅡcryoglobulinemia was subsequently diagnosed using immunofixation electrophoresis. Following eight cycles of R⁃CHOP chemotherapy and Entecavir antiviral therapy， the patient achieved symptomatic remission. This report investigates the association between MALT lymphoma and cryoglobulinemia， analyzing the etiology， diagnosis， and treatment of cryoglobulinemia. The case underscores the importance of considering cryoglobulinemia in patients with multi⁃organ involvement. Even when mixed cryoglobulinemia is diagnosed， it is imperative to screen for underlying lymphoma， particularly marginal zone B⁃cell lymphoma， to inform personalized therapeutic strategies.

Objective To evaluate the efficacy and safety of combining immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) with chemotherapy， as opposed to administering second⁃line chemotherapy alone， in patients with progressive or metastatic esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) who have experienced failure of first⁃line immunotherapy. Methods The study included patients with advanced ESCC who were treated at the Department of Oncology， Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University， from September 2019 to December 2023. Patients who received only second⁃line chemotherapy following progression on first⁃line immunotherapy were designated as the chemotherapy⁃alone group， whereas those who received a combination of ICI and chemotherapy were classified as the ICI combined with chemotherapy group. The study compared overall survival (OS)， progression⁃free survival (PFS)， objective response rate (ORR)， disease control rate (DCR)， and safety outcomes between the two groups. Results A total of 112 eligible patients were screened， comprising 31 individuals in the chemotherapy⁃ alone group and 81 in the ICI combined with chemotherapy group. Survival analysis demonstrated that the ICI combined with chemotherapy group indicated a significantly longer OS compared to the chemotherapy⁃alone group (10.8 months vs 6.9 months; HR=0.56， 95%CI: 0.35-0.89; P=0.013) and a higher DCR (80.2% vs 58.1%; OR=0.35， 95%CI: 0.15-0.81; P=0.016). However， PFS was not significantly extended (5.0 months vs 3.7 months; HR=0.79， 95%CI : 0.50-1.23; P=0.293)， nor was the ORR (33.3% vs 16.1%; OR=0.38， 95%CI: 0.15-1.14; P=0.071). Subgroup analysis revealed that male patients with primary tumor located in the middle esophagus， stage Ⅲ-Ⅳ， distant metastasis， or PD⁃L1 combined positive score (CPS)  ≥10 derived greater benefit from the chemotherapy combined with ICI treatment， regardless of first⁃line PFS duration. The overall incidence of any grade treatment⁃related adverse events (TRAEs) was 93.5% in the chemotherapy⁃alone group and 98.8% in the ICI combined with chemotherapy group (P=0.126)， while the incidence of TRAEs of grade 3 or higher was 29.0% and 34.6% (P=0.577)， respectively; all grade 3 or higher TRAEs were resolved with symptomatic treatment.结论In patients with advanced ESCC who had previously failed first⁃line immunotherapy， the combination of chemotherapy and ICI treatment exhibited significant survival benefits and an acceptable safety profile compared to chemotherapy alone.

Objective To investigate the association between tertiary lymphoid structures (TLSs) and clinicopathological parameters， biomarkers， and prognosis in human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)⁃low breast cancer among women of reproductive age. Methods Clinical and prognostic data were collected from female patients with HER2⁃low breast cancer， aged 15 to 49 years， treated at Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital between January 2019 and December 2022. Whole slide image (WSI) analysis was performed to evaluate the presence and maturity of TLSs in HER2⁃low breast cancer， and their correlation with disease⁃free survival (DFS) was analyzed. Results The analysis included 225 patients， with a median age of 44 years (range: 28-49 years)， and TLSs were detected in 36.0% (81/225) of cases. The presence and maturity of TLSs were significantly associated with tumor histological grade， associated ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS)， expression of estrogen receptor (ER) ， progesterone receptor (PR) ， Ki⁃67 and molecular subtypes (all P<0.05). Multivariate Cox regression analyses indicated that the presence and maturity of TLSs were independent predictors of decreased DFS (all P<0.05). Conclusions The presence and maturity of TLSs are independently associated with poor prognosis in reproductive⁃aged women diagnosed with HER2⁃low breast cancer. This suggest that TLSs may hold potential as prognostic biomarkers and targets for immunotherapy.

Objective To investigate the influencing factors for anthracycline⁃induced cardiotoxicity (AIC) in patients with soft tissue sarcoma (STS), and to develop and validate a predictive model. Methods The methodology involved a retrospective analysis of  clinical data from STS patients who received anthracycline treatment at Xijing Hospital from January 2013 to December 2023. Key variables were identified using Lasso regression analysis. And predictive factors were determined through Logistic regression to construct a Nomogram prediction model. Internal validation was performed using the Bootstrap test with 1，000 resamples. The model's discrimination was assessed via the area under the curve (AUC) of receiver operating characteristic, calibration was evaluated using calibration curves, and clinical applicability was assessed through decision curve analysis. Results A total of 153 patients was included, among whom 16 (10.5%) experienced AIC. Based on the results of Lasso⁃Logistic regression analysis, and considering sample size and statistical significance, age (OR=5.96, 95%CI:1.55-22.93), triglyceride (OR=3.02, 95%CI:1.47-6.12), and combined dexrazoxane (OR=0.10, 95%CI:0.02-0.46) were identified as significant predictive variables. The Nomogram prediction model developed using these variables demonstrated an AUC of 0.859, indicating robust discrimination, calibration, and clinical applicability. Conclusions This study developed a Nomogram prediction model for AIC in STS patients based on the variables of age, triglyceride, and combined dexrazoxane. The model exhibits strong  predictive performance, providing a potential tool for identifying the risk of AIC in STS patients.

Objective To investigate the incidence of catheter⁃related dermatological adverse reactions in cancer patients undergoing central venous infusion of Utidelone and the influencing factors. Methods A retrospective analysis was conducted on clinical data from cancer patients who received Utidelone infusions via peripherally inserted central catheter (PICC) or totally implanted access port (TIAP) at Sun Yat⁃sen University Cancer Center between March 2021 and March 2024. To investigate the factors influencing cathete⁃related dermatological adverse reactions, univariable analysis and binary Logistic regression were employed. Results Among the 205 patients included in study, 40 (19.5%) experienced catheter⁃related dermatological adverse reactions, 29 (72.5%) of these cases resulting in the unplanned removal of the infusion device. Univariable analysis identified a significant association between the occurrence of catheter⁃related dermatological adverse reactions and factors such as alcohol consumption history, total cycles of Utidelone treatment, infusion method, type of catheter, and catheter insertion vein(all P<0.05). Further Logistic regression analysis identified several risk factors for catheter⁃related dermatological adverse reactions, including the alcohol consumption history (OR=8.112, 95%CI: 1.616-40.728), the more total cycles of Utidelone treatment (OR=1.212, 95%CI: 1.043-1.409), and catheter insertion via the internal jugular vein for TIAP (OR=4.816, 95%CI: 1.136-20.425) or brachial vein for PICC (OR=34.171, 95%CI: 2.136-546.573). Conclusions The incidence of catheter⁃related dermatological adverse reactions is relatively high in patients receiving Utidelone via central venous infusion, potentially influenced by alcohol consumption history, the total cycles of treatment, and the choice of insertion vein. It is recommended that healthcare providers enhance monitoring of skin around the catheter site and develop preventive strategies targeting these influencing factors to reduce the incidence of adverse reactions.

Objective To investigate the symptom clusters and their longitudinal variations in patients with gastrointestinal cancer at different stages of  radiotherapy. Methods A convenience samplingapproach was employed to select 130 patients with gastrointestinal cancer undergoing radiotherapy at the Second Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University from September 2023 to May 2024. The Anderson symptom rating scale was used to assess the symptom clusters at three distinct time points:  seven days prior to the initiation of radiotherapy (T0)， mid⁃radiotherapy (during the 15th session， T1)， and thirty days post⁃radiotherapy (T2). Exploratory factor analysis was used to identify symptom clusters， while generalized estimating equations were applied to analyze the repeated measurement data. Results Across the three time points， distress was identified as the symptom with the highest incidence and severity， whereas emotion interference was the most prevalent and severe symptom interference item. Four distinct symptom clusters were identified, among which the emotion⁃energy deficiency， eating difficulty， and nervous system symptom clusters persisted from T0 to T2,whereas the numbness⁃nausea symptom cluster was observed only at T1. The severity scores of each symptom cluster across the three time points were statistically significant (P<0.001). Further pairwise comparisons revealed that the severity of all symptom clusters was greater at T1 compared to T0 and T2 (P<0.001). Conclusions Patients with gastrointestinal cancer experience multiple symptom disturbances and clusters during radiotherapy， with severity progressively increasing as chemotherapy advances. Implementing targeted  interventions for these symptom clusters may help alleviate symptom burden and enhance the quality of life for patients with gastrointestinal cancer.

Objective To investigate the alterations in lipid metabolism characteristics of temozolomide⁃resistant glioblastoma cells. Methods Human glioblastoma U87 cells were utilized to develop a temozolomide⁃resistant cell model (U87TR) through a concentration gradient induction method, with resistance confirmed by CCK⁃8 assay. The clonogenic, invasive, and migration abilities of the cells were assessed using the plate colony formation assay, Transwell invasion assay, and wound healing assay, respectively. Lipids were extracted from both U87 and U87TR cells employing a modified Bligh⁃Dyer method, and lipid metabolites were subsequently identified, quantified, clustered, and analyzed for differences using ultra high performance liquid chromatography⁃tandem mass spectrometry. Principal component analysis and orthogonal partial least squares⁃discriminant analysis (OPLS⁃DA) were utilized to identify lipid metabolites associated with temozolomide⁃acquired resistance. Results The temozolomide⁃acquired resistant U87TR model was successfully established. Compared to the sensitive parental cells, U87TR cells demonstrated significantly enhanced clonogenic formation, invasion, and migration capabilities (all P<0.05). Lipidomic profiling identified a total of 417 lipid metabolites in 32 categories (mainly including phosphatidylcholines, triglycerides, and sphingomyelin), among which 260 lipid metabolites showed statistically significant differences in content. The expression levels of PG34∶2(18∶1_16∶1), PG38∶5 (18∶1_20∶4), and BMP34∶3 (18∶2_16∶1) were significantly decreased in U87TR cells compared to U87 cells (all P<0.05). Conversely, the expression levels of PG34∶2 (18∶2_16∶0), PG36∶4 (18∶2_18∶2), PG36∶3 (18∶2_18∶1)， etc. were significantly increased (all P<0.05). OPLS⁃DA confirmed that lipid metabolites such as PI36∶3 (18∶2_18∶1), PA32∶0, and LacCer d18∶1/14∶0 effectively differentiate resistant cells from sensitive ones. Conclusions Temozolomide⁃resistant glioblastoma cells exhibit distinct lipid metabolite profiles compared to sensitive cells，which may be associated with the drug resistance observed in  glioblastoma.

Objective To investigate the regulatory function of miR⁃145⁃3p in the processes of migration， invasion， and angiogenesis in nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells， as well as to explore the underlying molecular mechanisms. Methods Nasopharyngeal carcinoma cell lines CNE⁃2 and 5⁃8F were engineered to exhibit either suppressed or enhanced expression of miR⁃145⁃3p through the use of miR⁃145⁃3p inhibitors/mimics and corresponding control RNA oligos， as well as lentiviral vectors. Quantitative reverse transcription PCR (RT⁃qPCR) was employed to assess the relative expression levels of miR⁃145⁃3p and metadherin (MTDH). The impact of miR⁃145⁃3p expression on cellular migration， invasion， and angiogenesis was evaluated using wound healing assays， Transwell migration/invasion assays， and tube formation assays. Bioinformatics tools were utilized to predict potential target genes of miR⁃145⁃3p， the interaction between miR⁃145⁃3p and MTDH was validated through dual luciferase reporter assays， RT⁃qPCR， and Western blot analysis. Additionally， Western blotting was conducted to examine the influence of miR⁃145⁃3p on the expression of proteins associated with epithelial mesenchymal transition (E⁃cadherin and N⁃cadherin)， invasion and angiogenesis (MMP9)， autophagy (LC3B)， and AKT/mTOR signaling pathway (p⁃AKT and p⁃mTOR). Results In nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells， miR⁃145⁃3p was found to be expressed at low levels (P<0.05). Enhancement of miR⁃145⁃3p expression was associated with significant inhibition of cell migration， invasion， and angiogenesis (all P<0.05). Furthermore， this upregulation led to increased expression of E⁃cadherin and an elevated LC3BⅡ/LC3B I ratio (all P<0.05)， and while concurrently reducing the expression of levels N⁃cadherin， MMP9， p⁃AKT and p⁃mTOR (all P<0.05). Conversely， suppression of miR⁃145⁃3p expression yielded opposite outcomes. miR⁃145⁃3p was also demonstrated to target MTDH， thereby negatively regulating its expression (P<0.05). Conclusions miR⁃145⁃3p inhibits the AKT/mTOR signaling pathway by targeting MTDH in nasopharyngeal carcinoma， which in turn promotes autophagy and exerts inhibitory effects on epithelial⁃mesenchymal transition and angiogenesis.

Objective To investigate the effects of the long non⁃coding RNA (lncRNA) ATPase secretory pathway Ca²⁺ transporting 2 antisense RNA 1 (ATP2C2⁃ AS1) on the proliferation andapoptosis of osteosarcoma cells， as well as to elucidate its underlying mechanism.  Methods The expression levels of ATP2C2⁃AS1 in human normal osteoblasts cell (hFOB 1.19) and human osteosarcoma cell lines (Saos⁃2， U2OS， 143B， and HOS) were quantified using qRT⁃PCR. Saos⁃2 osteosarcoma cells were transfected with either an ATP2C2⁃AS1 siRNA (si⁃ATP2C2⁃AS1) and its negative control (si⁃NC)， as well as ATP2C2⁃AS1 overexpression plasmid (oe⁃ATP2C2⁃AS1) or its negative control (Vector). Following the assessment of transfection efficiency， the PI3K inhibitor (NVP⁃BEZ235) was used to Saos⁃2 cells transfected with either the Vector or oe⁃ATP2C2⁃AS1. Cell proliferation activity was measured using the cell counting kit⁃8 (CCK⁃8) method， while apoptosis levels were assessed via flow cytometry. Western blot was used to detect the expression levels of apoptosis⁃related proteins (Bax， Bcl⁃2， and Cleaved⁃caspase⁃3) and proteins associated with the phosphatidylinositol 3⁃kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (Akt)/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway. Results Compared with hFOB 1.19 cells， the expression levels of ATP2C2⁃AS1 were markedly elevated in Saos⁃2， U2OS， 143B and HOS cell lines(all P<0.001)， with the most pronounced expression observed in Saos⁃2 cells. The silencing of ATP2C2⁃AS1 reduced the proliferation activity in Saos⁃2 cells， an increase cell apoptosis， and a downregulation of PI3K (p85α)， Bcl⁃2 protein， and the p⁃Akt/Akt and p⁃mTOR/ mTOR proteins ratios， while it upregulated the expression of Bax and Cleaved⁃caspase⁃3 proteins (all P<0.05). Conversely， the overexpression of ATP2C2⁃AS1 enhanced the proliferation activity of Saos⁃2 cells， inhibited  apoptosis， and led to an upregulation of PI3K (p85α)， Bcl⁃2 protein， and the ratios of p⁃Akt/Akt and p⁃mTOR/mTOR protein ratios， while downregulating the expression of Bax and Cleaved⁃ caspase⁃3 proteins (all P<0.05). The intervention with NVP⁃BEZ235 significantly counteracted the proliferation effects of  ATP2C2⁃AS1 overexpression in Saos⁃2 cells， and induced apoptosis. Conclusions ATP2C2⁃AS1 may promote the proliferation and inhibit the apoptosis of osteosarcoma cells through the activation of the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway.

Alternative splicing (AS) is a process by which precursor mRNA produces multiple isoforms through various splicing patterns， playing a crucial role in the regulation of gene expression and the diversification of protein functions. Metabolic reprogramming is a fundamental characteristic of tumors， enabling cancer cells to acquire metabolic traits that support proliferation， immune evasion， and survival. Recent studies have revealed that AS is intricately involved in tumor progression and the remodeling of the tumor microenvironment by regulating several key metabolic pathways， underscoring its significant implications for the identification of novel tumor biomarkers. This review systematically summarizes the regulatory mechanisms of AS and its role in tumor metabolic reprogramming. Furthermore， it discusses the research advancements in AS⁃based targeted therapeutic strategies for tumors， providing a theoretical foundation and identifying potential therapeutic targets for the development of novel anti⁃cancer drugs.

Liquid biopsy technology provides a non⁃invasive approach for tumor diagnosis and dynamic monitoring by analyzing biomarkers present in body fluids， including circulating tumor cells， extracellular vesicles， and circulating cell⁃free DNA (cfDNA). Urinary cfDNA has demonstrated significant potential in the diagnosis of malignant tumors， owing to its non⁃invasive sampling and the feasibility of repeated acquisition. Emerging biomarkers， such as DNA mutation markers， copy number variations， epigenetic modifications， fragmentomic features， and cell⁃free mitochondrial DNA， have the potential to significantly enhance the early detection rates of urological cancers. These biomarkers can be utilized in the screening of non⁃urological malignancies， including lung cancer and endometrial cancer. The integration of combined analyses can further augment diagnostic efficiency. This article provides a comprehensive  review of  recent advancements in the application of urinary cfDNA for tumor diagnosis， with a particular emphasis on the diagnostic efficacy of various molecular markers and their potential for cross⁃system cancer detection. It also investigates the current challenges in clinical applications， with the ultimate objective of advancing the clinical translation of urine cfDNA detection technology and enhance the accuracy of non⁃invasive diagnostic methodologies for tumor detection.

 Exosomes， as bilayer lipid vesicles secreted by various cell types， including tumor cells ， are enriched with bioactive molecules such as transfer RNA⁃derived small RNAs (tsRNAs) ， which play a crucial role in cellular communication. tsRNAs originate from precursor tRNAs or mature tRNAs， and their expression levels vary significantly in the body fluids of cancer patients. Exosome⁃derived tsRNAs are abundantly present in the plasma， saliva， and other body fluids of cancer patients. Recent studies have shown that these tsRNAs are involved in regulating tumor cell proliferation， invasion， metastasis， and drug resistance. Moreover， due to their stability and tissue specificity， tsRNAs exhibit significant potential as clinical biomarkers for tumors in liquid biopsies. This review provides a comprehensive summary of the biological functions of exosome⁃derived tsRNAs in tumors and their promising applications as biomarkers in tumor diagnosis and treatment.

Lung cancer exhibits the highest incidence and mortality rates among all malignancies in China， with non⁃small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) being predominant subtype， thereby posing a significant  threat to public health. Within the framework of cancer immunosurveillance， natural killer T (NKT) cells  function as crucial effector cells in anti⁃tumor immunity by rapidly initiating dual immune responses through their distinctive CD1d⁃restricted lipid antigen recognition mechanism， leading to the elimination of tumor cells. NKT cells are primarily categorized into two subgroups based on T⁃cell receptor (TCR)  expression:  typeⅠNKT cells (also referred to as invariant NKT or iNKT cells) and typeⅡNKT cells. iNKT cells can mediate anti⁃tumor immune responses through various mechanisms， including the lysis of CD1d+ tumor cells， activation of antigen⁃presenting cell (APC)， inhibition of CD1d+ immunosuppressive cells， and enhancement of tumor⁃targeted immune memory. In recent years， immunotherapies targeting lung cancer， such as in vitro expansion， in vivo activation， Genetic engineering modification， and combination therapies of iNKT cells， have shown significant potential in preclinical studies. However， their translation into clinical applications remains challenging. Therefore， this review elucidates the mechanisms by which iNKT cells contribute to tumor immunity， and examines the research advancements and challenges  associated with iNKT cell⁃based immunotherapy for lung cancer. It aims to provide a strategic direction for clinical development of iNKT cell therapies for NSCLC.

Transient receptor potential ankyrin 1 (TRPA1) is a non⁃selective cation channel receptor that is extensively distributed in sensory neurons and the tumor microenvironment. TRPA1 is involved in the transduction and regulation of pain signals through both pathological and physiological mechanisms， including the detection of inflammatory mediators， oxidative stress products， and the release of neuropeptides. This makes TRPA1 a promising therapeutic target for cancer⁃related pain. TRPA1 antagonists have been shown to effectively alleviate mechanical hyperalgesia and cold allodynia in animal models. Additionally， natural products and gene therapy technologies targeting TRPA1 demonstrate potential for pain management. Nonetheless， the clinical translation of TRPA1⁃targeted therapies remains challenging due to the biological characteristics inherent to the target， the complexity of the tumor microenvironment， and technical bottlenecks in the clinical translation process. This review summarizes the molecular characteristics and interactive regulatory networks of TRPA1， elucidates its pathophysiological mechanisms in cancer⁃related pain， and discusses advancements in preclinical research alongside prospects for translational medicine， with the objective of offering valuable ideas for the management of cancer⁃related pain.