Abstract: Lactylation is a novel post⁃translational modification, plays a crucial role in cancer development by regulating metabolic and epigenetic reprogramming, as well as the immunosuppressive tumour microenvironment. The interaction between lactylation and immune cells modulates tumor differentiation, immune responses, and drug sensitivity, highlighting its significant potential as a therapeutic target. This review summarizes the molecular mechanisms of lactylation in cancer, its clinical research progress, and future therapeutic prospects. The aim is to promote innovative research in the development of tumor treatment targets, thereby accelerating the clinical application of lactylation⁃based treatments.

Key words:  , Lactylation, Targeted therapeutic, Tumor microenvironment, Metabolic reprogramming