Abstract: Aptamers are single⁃stranded DNA or RNA molecules obtained through the systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment （SELEX）, exhibit high specificity in recognizing and binding to target molecules, including metal ions, small molecules, proteins, and cells. Aptamers offer several advantages, such as low molecular weight, a broad target range, ease of synthesis, low immunogenicity, and high stability, thereby demonstrating significant potential in cancer research. Currently, aptamers are widely used in biosensing technologies, including electrochemical, colorimetric, fluorescent, and chemiluminescent sensors, facilitating the highly specific detection of tumor biomarkers and enhancing the sensitivity of  diagnostic tools for cancer detection. Furthermore, aptamers present novel strategies for cancer therapy through mechanisms such as targeted drug delivery and immune checkpoint blockade. This article provides a systematic review of the fundamental characteristics of aptamers and their advancements in biosensing technology and cancer therapy applications.

Key words: Aptamer, Sensing technology, Cancer, Detection, Diagnosis, Therapy